China's one child policy was developed to address the economic and health issues the then young nation faced after its revolution in 1948. Too many people and insufficient resources.
The policy was intended to provide some breathing room for the economy to catch up with the population. And for a time it succeeded. But now China faces a new threat: an ageing population that needs to be supported by a smaller working age cadre due to the impact of that self-same policy. The impact is compounded by the fact that China, despite its near-miraculous growth in one generation, is still relatively poor.
These data are part of the reason why so many economists, business people and policy makers are wary of becoming too dependent on China as a primary driver of global growth. JL
Leith van Onselen comments in Naked Capitalism:
China will soon face an ageing problem that threatens to stifle its economy. Essentially, China’s ageing problem stems from its ‘one child policy’, which was brought into effect in 1979 and is credited with preventing around 400 million births from 1979 to 2010
This policy initially produced a population pyramid optimal to economic growth – that is, where the largest segments of the population were neither young nor old, but in the middle (i.e. working age).
However, the demographic blessing provided by the one child policy will soon turn into a curse, with the United Nations forecasting that the number of working aged people to dependents is set to almost halve over the 50 years to 2065, from a peak of 1.9 workers to dependents in 2015 to only 1.0 by 2065 (see charts below).
The stiff headwinds facing the Chinese economy were recently acknowledged at the China Update conference, held at the Australian National University on 10 July, which was described in the Australian Financial Review (AFR) as “the biggest gathering of Chinese economic experts outside China”.
According to conference presenter Cai Fang, who is a demographer and National People’s Congress standing committee member, China’s economy is ageing faster than previously thought, meaning that China is likely to grow old before it gets rich (extracts from here and here):
One of China’s top demographers has warned that a slump in the country’s birth rate to Japanese-style lows or worse threatens to slash the supply of new workers and undercut the nation’s rapid economic growth.
Demographer and National People’s Congress standing committee member Cai Fang also predicted that China’s dependency ratio – of children and elderly to the working-age population – would equalise next year in what would be the fastest such change in modern history…
China’s fertility rate (the number of births per woman) is well below the 1.4 level in Japan and closer to 1.2.
“There’s now no doubt China will be old before it is rich,” said Professor Cai, the director of the Institute of Population and Labour Economics and an adviser to the government on population issues. “If our growth rate declines we will not import as much Australian resources but we will need more help with human capital upgrading,” he told The Australian Financial Review…
The estimates by Professor Cai and others are early analysis of the 2010 census results and there is now private debate in Chinese academic circles about whether the five-year economic plan accurately reflects the decline in the birth rate and the supply of cheap labour or the increase in the dependency ratio…
Professor Cai said it would have taken just nine years for China to shift from the year in which the supply of cheap agricultural labour for city factories started to decline (known as the Lewis point) in 2004 to the equalisation of its dependency ratio next year.
This would impose major economic modernisation challenges because the same demographic process has taken 30 years in Japan and about 40 years in South Korea…
“This is a real challenge because our potential long-term growth rate will decline,” Professor Cai said.
The likelihood that China would be facing an aging population before it had become a middle-income country has long been known but the faster-than-expected decline in its fertility will accentuate this trend…
China will hit the point where there are more dependants than workers next year, which is three to four times faster than during the economic development of Japan and South Korea.
“When Japan faced the end of the demographic dividend (when there are a rising number of workers to dependants) it was already rich and had 30 years to adjust,” Cai says.
The comparisons with Japan’s economy are apt. The Japanese economy, which was toast of the world in the mid-to-late 1980s, hit the wall from 1991 when its joint property and stock market bubbles collapsed and its working population began to shrank.
China, which is facing an equally pervasive property bubble, also happens to have very similar demographics to that which existed in Japan two decades prior.
First, the population pyramid of Japan in 1990 versus China in 2010 are very similar.
Second, Japan’s dependency ratio in the 1990s – i.e. the ratio of the non-working population, both children (< 20 years old) and the elderly (> 65 years old), to the working population – is very similar to China’s in 2010. The profiles of the number of working age people per dependent is very similar in the two countries.
A major difference between the two countries, however, is that Japan was a very wealthy country when its demographic time bomb exploded, with per capita incomes exceeding that of most other Western nations. By contrast, China’s per capita income is currently well below those of the West, which will make the transition to an ageing society all the more harder.
If the saying “demography is destiny” holds true, then China will grow old before it gets rich.
0 comments:
Post a Comment